Georeferenced Images

Georeferencing is how you tell the map where a picture belongs. You have a scanned survey diagram, an old township plan or a sketch; you point at three or more spots on that picture, say where each of those spots is on the ground, and from then on the picture can be drawn on the map at the right place, the right size and the right angle.

Three spots on the picture, three spots on the ground

The picture itself is an attachment on a feature, and georeferencing never changes it. What you make is a separate record alongside it: your points, the fit worked out from them, and a straightened copy of the picture that a background job renders for you.

What you need first

Georeferencing is controlled by two separate permissions, both set per layer and per role by your administrator, and neither of them does anything on a layer you cannot already see.

• Visible lets you look. It puts the Georeferenced Images tab in the right-hand panel, lets you open the jobs list, and lets you draw finished images on the map and fade them. The tab appears as soon as one layer gives you this.
• Allow lets you work. It puts the georeference button on an attachment card, opens the match-points window, and is what Save and Ungeoreference need. A layer can have Allow without Visible: you can then georeference its images but never see the result in the panel.

Both reach only the records of the layer you can see: where your view of a layer is limited to some of its features, you see and work on the images of those features only. And an image someone in another organisation georeferenced can be looked at, but only that organisation can change, re-queue or remove it.

Nothing at all on this page?

If you have neither permission on any layer, none of this is on your screen: no tab, no buttons, no jobs list. That is the normal state for most accounts, and your administrator decides who gets it.

Getting an image in

Georeferencing starts from an attachment. Open a feature's Attachments, find the scan, and press the georeference button on its card.

Only images and PDFs can be georeferenced, and the attachment has to belong to a layer. A PDF is turned into a picture on the server first: every page is rendered and stacked into one tall image, at 300 dots per inch or less on a very large sheet. That happens while the window is already open, so you will see Rasterising PDF for a few seconds on a big drawing. If it has not finished after three minutes the spinner is replaced by a message rather than spinning forever.

The small coloured icon on the card tells you where that attachment stands, and it refreshes itself every few seconds for about three minutes after you save:

Colour	What it means
Grey	Not georeferenced yet.
Orange	Queued, or being rendered right now.
Green	Done. The image is available to put on the map.
Red	Failed, or saved with fewer than three points.

The match-points window

The picture on the left, the map on the right, your pairs along the bottom

The window always opens filling the screen. You can drag it, resize it from any edge, and drag the dividers between the three panels; the divider between the maps and the table is remembered for next time. On a phone the two maps stack and the points table is not shown at all.

The right-hand map is a real map. It offers every base layer you may use, the ones in your workspace first and then the rest, so you can georeference against aerial photography if that is what you have, and its small floating box lets you fade the image and the base map against each other while you work.

Placing control points

A point is half made until both sides have been clicked

A control point is a pair: one position on the picture, one position on the ground. You make one by clicking each side in turn.

1. Click a spot you can recognise on the picture. A ring appears in amber, meaning one side only.
2. Click the same spot on the map. Both rings turn red and the pair takes the next number.
3. Do it again, at least twice more, spread as far apart on the sheet as you can manage.

You can start on either side. Clicking the map first and the picture second makes the same pair.

Action	What it does
Click a marker	Selects that pair and highlights it on both sides. Clicking it again deselects it.
Drag a marker	Moves that side of the pair. A click never moves a point.
Right-click a marker	Removes the pair.
Delete	Removes the selected pair.
Esc	Cancels a half-placed point. Right-clicking empty space does the same.
Ctrl + drag	Draws a box and selects every marker inside it, on that side only.
Arrow keys	Nudges the selected markers by one pixel, or ten with Shift held.
Ctrl + Z	Steps back through your last fifty changes.

Clear All Points empties the lot in one go, without asking first. Ctrl + Z brings them all back.

Spread them out

Three points bunched into one corner fix the middle of the sheet and let the far edges swing. Four points, one near each corner, are worth more than eight points along one edge.

Reading the fit

Both numbers are distances on the ground, in metres

Two numbers tell you how well the fit worked, and both are metres on the ground.

• RMS, in the bar under the picture, is the whole fit averaged into one number. It is green up to five metres and orange above that.
• Residual, one per row in the table, is the same measurement for a single point: how far that point ended up from where the fit wanted it. The same five-metre line turns it orange.

A high RMS is almost never every point being slightly wrong. It is usually one point being badly wrong, so read down the Residual column, find the big number, and check that pair. Either the spot on the picture or the spot on the map is not where you thought.

Three points always fit perfectly

With exactly three pairs the fit passes through all three, so every residual is near zero whether or not the points are right. The numbers only begin to mean anything at four points. If the image lands in the wrong place while the residuals all read zero, that is the reason.

Affine is the only warp

Affine is the only choice you can pick in the Warp list. Projective and Helmert are listed but greyed out and marked as not yet available. The fit is a least-squares affine through your points, both in this window and on the server. A record saved earlier with Projective or Helmert still shows that name, but it was fitted as an affine all the same.

Clipping the sheet

You draw the area to keep

A scanned sheet is mostly not map. There is a border, a title block, a legend, and a lot of blank paper, and all of it lands on your map along with the drawing. Clip trims it away.

Switch the toggle at the top of the window from Georeference to Clip, then click your way around the part of the sheet you want to keep. Everything outside it stops being drawn.

• Double-click, or press Enter, to close the ring. Esc throws away the ring you are drawing without touching the ones you have finished.
• Drag a corner to move it. Alt + click a corner to delete it.
• A ring drawn inside another becomes a hole in it, which is how you cut out a title block sitting in the middle of the drawing.
• Undo takes back the last corner. Clear clip starts the whole thing again. Both sit in the bar under the sheet, beside the count of rings you have drawn.
• The map on the right only previews the result. Click its heading to fold it down to a narrow strip and give the sheet the room, and click the strip to open it again.

Clip only appears once you have three points

Until then it is not on the toggle at all, because there is no georeference to clip against. Drop back below three points and it disappears again.

The clip is a mask, not a crop. The rings are stored as positions on the picture, the stored image is never trimmed, and clearing the clip brings the whole sheet straight back.

Saving, and the job that runs

Save sends your points, the warp name and the clip to the server and closes the window. It is greyed out until you have three complete pairs and no half-placed point waiting.

Nothing is rendered in your browser. The record is queued, and a background worker picks it up within a few seconds, stretches the original picture onto the ground and stores a straightened, north-up copy of it. Very large scans are reduced on the way through, so a huge sheet comes back a little softer than the original.

Status	What it means
Queued	Waiting for a worker. Normally a few seconds.
Processing	Being rendered now. It cannot be deleted while it is in this state.
Done	Finished. The image is now in the Available list.
Missing Points	Saved with one or two points. Nothing is rendered. Add points and save again.
Failed	The worker tried and could not. The reason is written on the job row, and three points in a straight line is the most common one.

If the worker stops part-way through a job, the job stays on Processing. The next time the worker starts, it puts back into the queue any job that has sat on Processing for more than ten minutes. That check is not made at any other time, so if a job stays on Processing for a long time, tell your administrator.

Reopening the same attachment brings your points back, and pressing Save again re-queues the job. The new rendering replaces the old one in place, so anything already showing on the map updates rather than doubling up. Changing only the clip also re-queues it.

Closing the window with unsaved work asks first, and while you have unsaved work the window's own X and the Esc key are switched off, so Cancel is the way out.

Watching a job

The Georef jobs button appears both in the Attachments dialog and at the top of the Georeferenced Images panel. It opens a list of your georeference records in every state, not only the finished ones, and it refreshes itself every two seconds while it is open.

The list is laid out like the Import Jobs and Export Jobs lists: each job's number and its buttons come first, then the caption, the layer, the record, who made it, the warp name, how many points were saved, the status, when it was created and when it last changed, and the error message for anything that failed. The row under the headings filters any column but the points, and the whole list is filtered, not only the page on screen; the date range above the list keeps to jobs created on those days. Site administrators get a second All tab covering everybody, with a filter by user. The eye on a row opens the job's details, with the retry button where it applies.

The retry button on a job that is Done or Failed puts it back in the queue, to be rendered again from the points already saved, without opening the match-points window. It needs Allow on that layer and at least three saved points.

Delete all clears every job in whatever the current tab covers, which on Yours means your own jobs on layers you may edit. Deleting is not instant: the row is marked Pending deletion and the worker removes the stored image before the record itself goes.

Showing an image on the map

The bottom list is what exists; the top list is what is on your map

Open the Georeferenced Images tab in the right-hand panel. Like the other panels there, it can be pulled out into a window of its own. A click on a list's heading, or on its arrow, folds the list away and gives the other one the room (a click again brings it back); on a short screen the panel scrolls, so the lower list is always within reach.

Available Georef Images

The lower list is one page at a time of every finished georeferenced image you are allowed to see. Queued, failed and half-finished ones are not here; they are in the jobs list. The number under the list counts all of them, and Refresh at the top of the list reads them again.

Three toggles narrow it:

Toggle	What it does
Active layer	Keeps to the images of the active layer of your workspace, and re-reads the list when another layer becomes active. Shown only while a layer is active; on by default.
Visible Extent	Keeps to images that fall inside what is on screen, and re-reads the list as you pan.
Selected Features	Keeps to the feature you have selected. Greyed out until you select something.

Press the eye on a row to put that image on the map. The map also flies to it, so you can see straight away whether it landed where you expected.

Visible Georef Images

The upper list is what is currently on your map. It is ordered: the top row paints over the ones below it, and the drag handle reorders them. The handle goes away while there is anything in the search box, because reordering a filtered list would not mean anything. The number in its heading counts the images on it, shown or hidden.

• The eye and the slider at the top of the panel act on all of them at once. The eye hides every image without emptying the list.
• Each row's actions are its eye, which shows or hides just that one, the up and down arrows, and the cross, which takes it off the list altogether.
• The down arrow puts the image under the next data layer of your map, and the up arrow back over it, one layer at a time; the tooltip names the layer (Move below Roads). A new image starts above every data layer. The drag handle orders the images among themselves; the arrows place an image among your data layers, and it keeps its place when you reorder the layers in the Layers panel. The two arrows in the column's header move every image at once: above all your data layers, or under them all, just above the base map.
• Clicking any row opens a small pane underneath it with that image's own opacity, separate from the panel-wide one.
• Hovering a row outlines that image on the map, which is how you tell two similar scans apart.
• Right-click a row for its menu. Zoom to image moves the map to the image and, when the image's layer is the active layer of your workspace, also selects its record, as View Feature does in the data table. Under it are the row's own actions: show or hide, up, down and remove.
• Saving your workspace saves this list with it: which images are on it, shown or hidden, their order, their place among your data layers and their opacity. Opening that workspace again puts exactly that list back; an image you may no longer see is left out. A workspace saved without images leaves the list as it is.

A georeferenced image starts above your data layers

A new image is drawn above every data layer, so a fully opaque scan hides your data until you move it down or turn its opacity down. The top list itself, its order, which images are shown and both opacity settings are remembered in this browser and come back after a reload, but only when Preferences is allowed in Cookie settings.

Removing a georeference

Ungeoreference is on the attachment card and inside the match-points window. It deletes the straightened image and clears the control points and the clipping, and it cannot be undone. The attachment itself is untouched, so you can start again from the same scan.

If something looks wrong

What you see	What it means
No Georeferenced Images tab	No layer gives you the Visible georeference permission.
No georeference button on the card	You have Visible but not Allow, or the attachment is not an image or a PDF.
"Rasterising PDF" for a long time	A large multi-page drawing takes time. After three minutes it gives up and says so.
The image panel is blank with a warning	The scan could not be read or the PDF could not be prepared. Try a different file.
Save is greyed out	Fewer than three complete pairs, or one point is still half placed. Finish it or press Esc.
Clip is not on the toggle	You have fewer than three points. It appears at three.
RMS is orange	Read down the Residual column, find the one big number, and check that pair.
Every residual is zero but the image is wrong	You have exactly three points. Add a fourth and the numbers start telling you something.
Projective and Helmert cannot be picked	They are not available yet. Affine is the only warp worked out, and a record saved earlier with either name was fitted as an affine too.
The card icon stays orange	The job is queued behind others. Open Georef jobs to see where it is.
The card icon is red	Failed, or saved with fewer than three points. The jobs list carries the reason.
A job says "Pending deletion"	The worker removes the stored image before the record goes. It clears itself.
A job will not delete	It is being rendered. Wait for it to finish.
No retry button on a job row	It is only there on a job that is Done or Failed. A job still Queued or Processing is already on its way; one at Missing Points needs more points first: add them in the match-points window and press Save. It also needs Allow on the job's layer: with Visible alone the list is read only.
The image is on the map but covers everything	A new image is drawn above all data layers. Move it under them with the down arrow, turn the opacity down, or hide it with the eye.
Hiding an image does not remove it	The eye hides; the cross takes it off the list.
The panel is empty after a reload	The list is only remembered when Preferences is allowed in Cookie settings, and only in the browser you used. An image you may no longer see is left out.

See also

• Attachments - where the scan lives, and where georeferencing starts
• Data Table - opening a record's attachments
• Feature Selection & Popup - picking the feature the scan belongs to
• Layer Control - the layers a georeferenced image is drawn over